| Gian Lorenzo Bernini Gian Lorenzo Bernini (also spelled Gianlorenzo or Giovanni Lorenzo) (Naples, 7 December 1598 – Rome, 28 November 1680) was an Italian artist who worked principally in Rome. He was the leading sculptor of his age and also a prominent architect. In addition he painted, wrote plays, and designed metalwork and stage sets. A student of Classical sculpture, Bernini possessed the unique ability to capture, in marble, the essence of a narrative moment with a dramatic naturalistic realism which was almost shocking. This ensured that he effectively became the successor of Michelangelo, far outshining other sculptors of his generation, including his rival, Alessandro Algardi. His talent extended beyond the confines of his sculpture to consideration of the setting in which it would be situated; his ability to be able to synthesise sculpture, painting and architecture into a coherent conceptual and visual whole has been termed by the art historian, Irving Lavin, the ‘unity of the visual arts’.[1] A deeply religious man, working in Counter Reformation Rome, Bernini used light as an important metaphorical device in the perception of his religious settings; often it was hidden light sources that could intensify the focus of religious worship,[2] or enhance the dramatic moment of a sculptural narrative. Bernini was also a leading figure in the emergence of Roman Baroque architecture along with his contemporaries, the architect, Francesco Borromini and the painter and architect, Pietro da Cortona. Early in their careers they had all worked at the same time at the Palazzo Barberini, initially under Carlo Maderno and on his death, under Bernini. Later on, however, they were in competition for commissions and fierce rivalries developed, particularly between Bernini and Borromini.[3] Despite the arguably greater architectural inventiveness of Borromini and Cortona, Bernini’s artistic pre-eminence, particularly during the reigns of popes Urban VIII (1623–44) and Alexander VII (1655–1665), meant he was able to secure the most important commission in Rome of the day, St. Peter's Basilica. His design of the Piazza San Pietro in front of the Basilica is one of his most innovative and successful architectural designs. During his long career, Bernini received many important commissions, many associated with the papacy. At an early age, he came to the attention of the papal nephew, Cardinal Scipione Borghese, and in 1621, at the age of only twenty three, he was knighted by Pope Gregory XV. Following his accession to the papacy, Urban VIII is reported to have said, "Your luck is great to see Cardinal Maffeo Barberini Pope, Cavaliere; but ours is much greater to have Cavalier Bernini alive in our pontificate".[4] Although he did not fare so well during the reign of Innocent X, under Alexander VII, he once again regained pre-eminent artistic domination and continued to be held in high regard by Clement IX. Bernini and other artists fell from favour in later neoclassical criticism of the Baroque. It is only from the late nineteenth century that art historical scholarship, in seeking an understanding of artistic output in the cultural context in which it was produced, has come to recognise Bernini’s achievements and restore his artistic reputation. | |
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| from wikipedia.org | |
Rabu, 23 Februari 2011
Biagrafi Gian Lorenzo Bernini
Selasa, 22 Februari 2011
Biografi Michelangelo
| Michelangelo | |
|---|---|
 Portrait of Michelangelo by Jacopino del Conte (after 1535) at the age of 60 | |
| Birth name | Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni |
| Born | 6 March 1475 near Arezzo, Caprese, Tuscany |
| Died | 18 February 1564 (aged 88) Rome, Italy |
| Nationality | Italian |
| Field | sculpture, painting, architecture, and poetry |
| Training | Apprentice to Domenico Ghirlandaio [1] |
| Movement | High Renaissance |
| Works | David, The Creation of Adam, Pietà |
Early life
Michelangelo was born on 6 March 1475[a] in Caprese near Arezzo, Tuscany.[4] (Today, Caprese is known as Caprese Michelangelo). For several generations, his family had been small-scale bankers in Florence, but his father, Lodovico di Leonardo di Buonarroti di Simoni, failed to maintain the bank's financial status, and held occasional government positions.[2] At the time of Michelangelo's birth, his father was the Judicial administrator of the small town of Caprese and local administrator of Chiusi. Michelangelo's mother was Francesca di Neri del Miniato di Siena.[5] The Buonarrotis claimed to descend from the Countess Mathilde of Canossa; this claim remains unproven, but Michelangelo himself believed it.[6] Several months after Michelangelo's birth, the family returned to Florence, where Michelangelo was raised. At later times, during the prolonged illness and after the death of his mother in 1481 when he was just six years old, Michelangelo lived with a stonecutter and his wife and family in the town of Settignano, where his father owned a marble quarry and a small farm.[5] Giorgio Vasari quotes Michelangelo as saying, "If there is some good in me, it is because I was born in the subtle atmosphere of your country of Arezzo. Along with the milk of my nurse I received the knack of handling chisel and hammer, with which I make my figures."[4]Michelangelo's father sent him to study grammar with the Humanist Francesco da Urbino in Florence as a young boy.[4][7][b] The young artist, however, showed no interest in his schooling, preferring to copy paintings from churches and seek the company of painters.[7] At thirteen, Michelangelo was apprenticed to the painter Domenico Ghirlandaio.[1][8] When Michelangelo was only fourteen, his father persuaded Ghirlandaio to pay his apprentice as an artist, which was highly unusual at the time.[9] When in 1489 Lorenzo de' Medici, de facto ruler of Florence, asked Ghirlandaio for his two best pupils, Ghirlandaio sent Michelangelo and Francesco Granacci.[10] From 1490 to 1492, Michelangelo attended the Humanist academy which the Medici had founded along Neo Platonic lines. Michelangelo studied sculpture under Bertoldo di Giovanni. At the academy, both Michelangelo's outlook and his art were subject to the influence of many of the most prominent philosophers and writers of the day including Marsilio Ficino, Pico della Mirandola and Angelo Poliziano.[11] At this time, Michelangelo sculpted the reliefs Madonna of the Steps (1490–1492) and Battle of the Centaurs (1491–1492). The latter was based on a theme suggested by Poliziano and was commissioned by Lorenzo de Medici.[12] While both were apprenticed to Bertoldo di Giovanni, Pietro Torrigiano struck the 17 year old on the nose, and thus caused that disfigurement which is so conspicuous in all the portraits of Michelangelo.[13]
Early adulthood
Lorenzo de' Medici's death on 8 April 1492 brought a reversal of Michelangelo's circumstances.[14] Michelangelo left the security of the Medici court and returned to his father's house. In the following months he carved a wooden crucifix (1493), as a gift to the prior of the Florentine church of Santo Spirito, who had permitted him some studies of anatomy on the corpses of the church's hospital.[15] Between 1493 and 1494 he bought a block of marble for a larger than life statue of Hercules, which was sent to France and subsequently disappeared sometime circa 18th century.[12][c] On 20 January 1494, after heavy snowfalls, Lorenzo's heir, Piero de Medici commissioned a snow statue, and Michelangelo again entered the court of the Medici.In the same year, the Medici were expelled from Florence as the result of the rise of Savonarola. Michelangelo left the city before the end of the political upheaval, moving to Venice and then to Bologna.[14] In Bologna, he was commissioned to finish the carving of the last small figures of the Shrine of St. Dominic, in the church dedicated to that saint. Towards the end 1494, the political situation in Florence was calmer. The city, previously under threat from the French, was no longer in danger as Charles VIII had suffered defeats. Michelangelo returned to Florence but received no commissions from the new city government under Savonarola. He returned to the employment of the Medici.[16] During the half year he spent in Florence he worked on two small statues, a child St. John the Baptist and a sleeping Cupid. According to Condivi, Lorenzo di Pierfrancesco de' Medici, for whom Michelangelo had sculpted St. John the Baptist, asked that Michelangelo "fix it so that it looked as if it had been buried" so he could "send it to Rome…pass [it off as] an ancient work and…sell it much better." Both Lorenzo and Michelangelo were unwittingly cheated out of the real value of the piece by a middleman. Cardinal Raffaele Riario, to whom Lorenzo had sold it, discovered that it was a fraud, but was so impressed by the quality of the sculpture that he invited the artist to Rome.[17] [d] This apparent success in selling his sculpture abroad as well as the conservative Florentine situation may have encouraged Michelangelo to accept the prelate's invitation.[16]
Rome
Michelangelo arrived in Rome 25 June 1496[18] at the age of 21. On 4 July of the same year, he began work on a commission for Cardinal Raffaele Riario, an over-life-size statue of the Roman wine god, Bacchus. However, upon completion, the work was rejected by the cardinal, and subsequently entered the collection of the banker Jacopo Galli, for his garden.In November of 1497, the French ambassador in the Holy See commissioned one of his most famous works, the Pietà and the contract was agreed upon in August of the following year. The contemporary opinion about this work — "a revelation of all the potentialities and force of the art of sculpture" — was summarized by Vasari: "It is certainly a miracle that a formless block of stone could ever have been reduced to a perfection that nature is scarcely able to create in the flesh."
In Rome, Michelangelo lived near the church of Santa Maria di Loreto. Here, according to the legend, he fell in love with Vittoria Colonna, marchioness of Pescara and a poet.[citation needed] His house was demolished in 1874, and the remaining architectural elements saved by the new proprietors were destroyed in 1930. Today a modern reconstruction of Michelangelo's house can be seen on the Gianicolo hill. It is also during this period that skeptics allege Michelangelo executed the sculpture Laocoön and His Sons which resides in the Vatican.[19]
(wikipedia.org)
Minggu, 20 Februari 2011
Biografi Galileo Galilei
Galileo Galilei dilahirkan di Pisa, Tuscany pada tanggal 15 Februari 1564 sebagai anak pertama dari Vincenzo Galilei, seorang matematikawan dan musisi asal Florence, dan Giulia Ammannati. Ia sudah dididik sejak masa kecil. Kemudian, ia belajar di Universitas Pisa namun terhenti karena masalah keuangan. Untungnya, ia ditawari jabatan di sana pada tahun 1589 untuk mengajar matematika. Setelah itu, ia pindah ke Universitas Padua untuk mengajar geometri, mekanika, dan astronomi sampai tahun 1610. Pada masa-masa itu, ia sudah mendalami sains dan membuat berbagai penemuan.
Pada tahun 1612, Galileo pergi ke Roma dan bergabung dengan Accademia dei Lincei untuk mengamati bintik matahari. Di tahun itu juga, muncul penolakan terhadap teori Nicolaus Copernicus, teori yang didukung oleh Galileo. Pada tahun 1614, dari Santa Maria Novella, Tommaso Caccini mengecam pendapat Galileo tentang pergerakan bumi, memberikan anggapan bahwa teori itu sesat dan berbahaya. Galileo sendiri pergi ke Roma untuk mempertahankan dirinya. Pada tahun 1616, Kardinal Roberto Bellarmino menyerahkan pemberitahuan yang melarangnya mendukung maupun mengajarkan teori Copernicus.
Galileo menulis Saggiatore di tahun 1622, yang kemudian diterbitkan pada 1623. Pada tahun 1624, ia mengembangkan salah satu mikroskop awal. Pada tahun 1630, ia kembali ke Roma untuk membuat izin mencetak buku Dialogo sopra i due massimi sistemi del mondo yang kemudian diterbitkan di Florence pada 1632. Namun, di tahun itu pula, Gereja Katolik menjatuhkan vonis bahwa Galileo harus ditahan di Siena.
Di bulan Desember 1633, ia diperbolehkan pensiun ke vilanya di Arcetri. Buku terakhirnya, Discorsi e dimostrazioni matematiche, intorno à due nuove scienze diterbitkan di Leiden pada 1638. Di saat itu, Galileo hampir buta total. Pada tanggal 8 Januari 1642, Galileo wafat di Arcetri saat ditemani oleh Vincenzo Viviani, salah seorang muridnya.
(wikipedia.org)
Pada tahun 1612, Galileo pergi ke Roma dan bergabung dengan Accademia dei Lincei untuk mengamati bintik matahari. Di tahun itu juga, muncul penolakan terhadap teori Nicolaus Copernicus, teori yang didukung oleh Galileo. Pada tahun 1614, dari Santa Maria Novella, Tommaso Caccini mengecam pendapat Galileo tentang pergerakan bumi, memberikan anggapan bahwa teori itu sesat dan berbahaya. Galileo sendiri pergi ke Roma untuk mempertahankan dirinya. Pada tahun 1616, Kardinal Roberto Bellarmino menyerahkan pemberitahuan yang melarangnya mendukung maupun mengajarkan teori Copernicus.
Galileo menulis Saggiatore di tahun 1622, yang kemudian diterbitkan pada 1623. Pada tahun 1624, ia mengembangkan salah satu mikroskop awal. Pada tahun 1630, ia kembali ke Roma untuk membuat izin mencetak buku Dialogo sopra i due massimi sistemi del mondo yang kemudian diterbitkan di Florence pada 1632. Namun, di tahun itu pula, Gereja Katolik menjatuhkan vonis bahwa Galileo harus ditahan di Siena.
Di bulan Desember 1633, ia diperbolehkan pensiun ke vilanya di Arcetri. Buku terakhirnya, Discorsi e dimostrazioni matematiche, intorno à due nuove scienze diterbitkan di Leiden pada 1638. Di saat itu, Galileo hampir buta total. Pada tanggal 8 Januari 1642, Galileo wafat di Arcetri saat ditemani oleh Vincenzo Viviani, salah seorang muridnya.
(wikipedia.org)
Jumat, 18 Februari 2011
Lirik Lagu
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Bunda pun menjawab cinta adalah
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Pada sahabatku pun bertanya
Dia pun menjawab cinta adalah
Cinta adalah kasih sayang dua insan manusia
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Mungkin cinta hanya tuk dirasa
Repeat Reff
Suka duka akan mewarnai cinta
Yang menyatukan dua insan berbeda
Mungkin takkan kutemukan makna cinta
Sebelum kumenjalaninya
Lirik Lagu Bram Makna Cinta
Saat kecilku pernah bertanya
T’ntang arti cinta pada bunda
Bunda pun menjawab cinta adalah
Kasih sayang induk dan anaknya
Saat kumulai b’ranjak dewasa
Pada sahabatku pun bertanya
Dia pun menjawab cinta adalah
Cinta adalah kasih sayang dua insan manusia
Reff: Mereka yang mampu menjawab
Makna cinta yang selalu kutanyakan
Mereka yang terj’rat rasa cinta
Banyak mngandalkan cahya suka dan duka
Ku terus mencoba tuk bertanya
Walau kiniku terjerat cinta
Pinta terjawab dengan kata
Mungkin cinta hanya tuk dirasa
Repeat Reff
Suka duka akan mewarnai cinta
Yang menyatukan dua insan berbeda
Mungkin takkan kutemukan makna cinta
Sebelum kumenjalaninya
Lirik Lagu Bram Makna Cinta
AC Milan
- 1987-88 - Campione d'Italia (11º titolo) - Eliminato negli ottavi di finale di Coppa Italia e nei sedicesimi di finale di Coppa UEFA.
- 1988-89 - Campione d'Europa (3º titolo) - 3º in Serie A - Vince la Supercoppa italiana (1º titolo) - Eliminato nel girone del secondo turno di Coppa Italia
- 1990-91 - 2º in Serie A - Campione del Mondo (3º titolo) - Vince la Supercoppa europea (2º titolo) - Semifinalista di Coppa Italia - Eliminato nei quarti di finale di Coppa dei Campioni.
- 1991-92 - Campione d'Italia (12º titolo) - Semifinalista di Coppa Italia.
- 1992-93 - Campione d'Italia (13º titolo) - Vince la Supercoppa italiana (2º titolo) - Semifinalista di Coppa Italia - Perde la finale di Champions League contro l'Olympique Marsiglia.
- 1993-94 - Campione d'Italia (14º titolo) e Campione d'Europa (5º titolo) - Vince la Supercoppa italiana (3º titolo) - Eliminato negli ottavi di finale di Coppa Italia - Perde la finale di Supercoppa europea contro il Parma - Perde la finale di Coppa Intercontinentale contro il San Paolo.
- 1994-95 - 4º in Serie A - Vince la Supercoppa europea (3º titolo) - Vince la Supercoppa italiana (4º titolo) - Eliminato negli ottavi di finale di Coppa Italia - Perde la finale di Coppa Intercontinentale contro il Vélez Sársfield - Perde la finale di Champions League contro l'Ajax.
- 1995-96 - Campione d'Italia (15º titolo) - Eliminato nei quarti di finale di Coppa Italia e di Coppa UEFA.
- 1996-97 - 11º in Serie A - Perde la finale di Supercoppa italiana contro la Fiorentina - Eliminato nei quarti di finale di Coppa Italia e nella fase a gironi di Champions League.
- 1997-98 - 10º in Serie A - Perde la finale di Coppa Italia contro la Lazio.
- 1998-99 - Campione d'Italia (16º titolo) - Eliminato negli ottavi di finale di Coppa Italia - Centenario del club (Il CentoMilan).
- 1999-2000 - 3º in Serie A - Perde la finale di Supercoppa italiana contro il Parma - Eliminato nei quarti di finale di Coppa Italia e nella prima fase a gironi di Champions League.
- 2000-01 - 6º in Serie A - Semifinalista di Coppa Italia - Eliminato nella seconda fase a gironi di Champions League.
- 2001-02 - 4º in Serie A - Semifinalista di Coppa Italia e di Coppa UEFA.
- 1988-89 - Campione d'Europa (3º titolo) - 3º in Serie A - Vince la Supercoppa italiana (1º titolo) - Eliminato nel girone del secondo turno di Coppa Italia
- 1990-91 - 2º in Serie A - Campione del Mondo (3º titolo) - Vince la Supercoppa europea (2º titolo) - Semifinalista di Coppa Italia - Eliminato nei quarti di finale di Coppa dei Campioni.
- 2002-03 - Campione d'Europa (6º titolo) - 3º in Serie A - Vince la Coppa Italia (5º titolo).
- 2003-04 - Campione d'Italia (17º titolo) - Vince la Supercoppa europea (4º titolo) - Perde la finale di Supercoppa italiana contro la Juventus - Semifinalista di Coppa Italia - Perde la finale di Coppa Intercontinentale contro il Boca Juniors - Eliminato nei quarti di finale di Champions League. - Riassume la denominazione Associazione Calcio Milan.
- 2004-05 - 2º in Serie A - Vince la Supercoppa italiana (5º titolo) - Eliminato nei quarti di finale di Coppa Italia - Perde la finale di Champions League contro il Liverpool.
- 2005-06 - 3º in Serie A su delibera della CAF per responsabilità oggettiva declassandolo dal 2º posto ottenuto sul campo - Eliminato nei quarti di finale di Coppa Italia - Semifinalista di Champions League.
- 2006-07 - Campione d'Europa (7º titolo) - 4º in Serie A - Semifinalista di Coppa Italia.
- 2007-08 - 5º in Serie A - Campione del Mondo (4º titolo) - Vince la Supercoppa europea (5º titolo) - Eliminato negli ottavi di finale di Coppa Italia e di Champions League.
- 2008-09 - 3º in Serie A - Eliminato negli ottavi di finale di Coppa Italia e nei sedicesimi di finale di Coppa UEFA.
- 2009-10 - 3º in Serie A - Eliminato nei quarti di finale di Coppa Italia - Eliminato negli ottavi di finale di Champions League.
- 2010-11 - Partecipa alla Serie A - Partecipa alla Coppa Italia - Partecipa alla Champions League
Kamis, 17 Februari 2011
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